chun-zhu Chen（Christine）

本文緣起：

有人發訊息問我，這段歷史是不是內戰分裂之後又恢復？

我的答案：

是的，因為這段「由聯邦將領管理。

他們否認任何拒絕效忠於聯邦之人的投票權。

他們強烈支持美國黑人的權利，

詹森總統試圖阻止這些政策卻遭到彈劾，

由於投票過程不符合標準，

他因而留任，

但國會卻掌握到未來30年的巨大權力。 」

台灣現在不停內鬥，

使他想起這段歷史，

所以我應邀特發此文。

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引用 美國國務院國際資訊局出版物之內容：

地方衝突

SECTIONAL CONFLICT

(中間，略)

1860年，共和黨提名林肯為總統候選人，政見是反對蓄奴制度。

在4位候選人中，他僅得39%的普選選票，卻贏得大部份的選舉人團票。

選舉人團是在普選後直接選舉總統的公民團體。

數十年來一直在蓄勢待發的風暴即將爆發。南部各州揚言如果林肯當選就要退出聯邦，分離行動在他宣誓就職之前就已開始。

美國是否仍能團結在一起，

端看這位新總統的努力。

南北戰爭與戰後重建

CIVIL WAR AND POST-WAR RECONSTRUCTION

南北戰爭於1861年4月開始，南方各州聲稱有權分裂，並組成自己的南方邦聯。他們的部隊開了第一槍。北方各州在林肯總統的領導下，決心阻止叛亂並保護聯邦。 

北方在州的數目與人口上比多出南方一倍，並有充裕的設備來生產戰爭物資，還有優越的鐵路網。南方的軍事領導者比較有經驗，而且戰事多在自己領土的發生，因此享有一些優勢。

在四年的時間內，動員數萬名士兵與馬匹的地面戰爭，分別在維吉尼亞、馬里蘭、賓州、 田納西和喬治亞州開打。海戰則發生在大西洋沿岸與密西西比河。在該地區，北方軍隊幾乎連戰皆捷，相較之下，他們在維吉尼亞則屢屢受挫，無法奪下南方邦聯

的首都里奇蒙(Richmond)。

戰爭最血腥的一天是1862年9月17日，當時兩軍於馬里蘭州夏普斯堡(Sharpsburg)附近的安提坦溪(Antietam Creek)交會。由羅伯‧李(Robert E. Lee)將軍率領的南軍未能擊退由喬治‧麥克萊倫(George McClellan)將軍率領的北軍，李帶著未受損傷的部隊撤離，麥克萊倫則被革職。就軍事而言，此戰役並沒有結果，然影響卻很大。本已準備承認南方邦聯的英國和法國，因而有所遲疑，結果南方再也沒有收到它所急需的救援。

數月過後，林肯總統發佈一項初步的解放宣言(Emancipation Proclamation)，釋放所有居住在南方邦聯境內的奴隸，並授權招募非洲裔美國人加入北方軍隊。現在北方無須再為了保護美國而戰，而是為了結束奴隸制度而戰。

1863年，北軍在密西西比的維克斯堡(Vicksburg)和賓州的蓋茨堡(Gettysburg)獲得勝利後士氣大振，接著威廉‧薛爾曼(William T. Sherman)將軍穿越喬治亞州進入南卡羅萊納州，實施焦土戰術。 1865年4月，在尤利西斯‧葛蘭特(Ulysses S. Grant)將軍的指揮下，龐大的北軍將羅伯 ‧ 李包圍在維吉尼亞，李投降後，美國南北戰爭隨之結束。

投降的條件非常寬大，葛蘭特提醒他的軍隊，「叛軍再次成為我們的同胞。」在華盛頓，林肯總統開始準備調解過程，最後卻沒有機會進行，因為在南方投降後不到一個星期，他被一名因戰敗而憤怒的南方人暗殺。任務落到副總統安德魯‧詹森(Andrew Johnson)身上，他是一名南方人，他希望重建的過程快速而簡易。

詹森發佈赦免令，恢復許多南方人的政治權利。到1865年末期，幾乎所有支持前南部邦聯的州都召開會議撤銷分裂並廢除奴隸制度，只有田納西州拒絕批准一項憲法修正案，讓非裔美國人獲得完整公民權。共和黨決定在國會實施自己的重建計畫，因而制定懲罰措施，防止前叛軍領袖擔任職位。他們將南方劃分為5個軍區，由聯邦將領管理。他們否認任何拒絕效忠於聯邦之人的投票權。他們強烈支持美國黑人的權利，詹森總統試圖阻止這些政策卻遭到彈劾，由於投票過程不符合標準，他因而留任，但國會卻掌握到未來30年的巨大權力。 

造成南北戰爭的分裂與仇恨，並未在戰後消失。當南方白人獲得政權時，南方黑人便受苦。他們獲得自由，卻被禁止享受權利，因為地方法律不准他們使用許多公共設施。他們有投票權，卻在投票時受到恐嚇。南方變得分裂，之後的100年一直如此，戰後的重建工作在一開始確有重大理想，卻因腐敗與種族歧視而失敗，導致非裔美人必須持續爭取平等，一直要到20世紀，才成為全國性議題，而非南方的議題。

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In the spring of 1861, decades of simmering tensions between the northern and southern United States over issues including states’ rights versus federal authority, westward expansion and slavery exploded into the American Civil War (1861-65). The election of the anti-slavery Republican Abraham Lincoln as president in 1860 caused seven southern states to secede from the Union to form the Confederate States of America; four more joined them after the first shots of the Civil War were fired. Four years of brutal conflict were marked by historic battles at Bull Run (Manassas), Antietam, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg and Vicksburg, among others. The War Between the States, as the Civil War was also known, pitted neighbor against neighbor and in some cases, brother against brother. By the time it ended in Confederate surrender in 1865, the Civil War proved to be the costliest war ever fought on American soil, with some 620,000 of 2.4 million soldiers killed, millions more injured and the population and territory of the South devastated.

CIVIL WAR BACKGROUND

In the mid-19th century, while the United States was experiencing an era of tremendous growth, a fundamental economic difference existed between the country’s northern and southern regions. While in the North, manufacturing and industry was well established, and agriculture was mostly limited to small-scale farms, the South’s economy was based on a system of large-scale farming that depended on the labor of black slaves to grow certain crops, especially cotton and tobacco. Growing abolitionist sentiment in the North after the 1830s and northern opposition to slavery’s extension into the new western territories led many southerners to fear that the existence of slavery in america–and thus the backbone of their economy–was in danger.

In 1854, the U.S. Congress passed the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which essentially opened all new territories to slavery by asserting the rule of popular sovereignty over congressional edict. Pro- and anti-slavery forces struggled violently in “Bleeding Kansas,” while opposition to the act in the North led to the formation of the Republican Party, a new political entity based on the principle of opposing slavery’s extension into the western territories. After the Supreme Court’s ruling in the Dred Scott case (1857) confirmed the legality of slavery in the territories, the abolitionist John Brown’s raid at Harper’s Ferry in 1859 convinced more and more southerners that their northern neighbors were bent on the destruction of the “peculiar institution” that sustained them. Lincoln’s election in November 1860 was the final straw, and within three months seven southern states–South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas–had seceded from the United States.

OUTBREAK OF THE CIVIL WAR (1861)

Even as Lincoln took office in March 1861, Confederate forces threatened the federal-held Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina. On April 12, after Lincoln ordered a fleet to resupply Sumter, Confederate artillery fired the first shots of the Civil War. Sumter’s commander, Major Robert Anderson, surrendered after less than two days of bombardment, leaving the fort in the hands of Confederate forces under Pierre G.T. Beauregard. Four more southern states–Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina and Tennessee–joined the Confederacy after Fort Sumter. Border slave states like Missouri, Kentucky and Maryland did not secede, but there was much Confederate sympathy among their citizens.

Though on the surface the Civil War may have seemed a lopsided conflict, with the 23 states of the Union enjoying an enormous advantage in population, manufacturing (including arms production) and railroad construction, the Confederates had a strong military tradition, along with some of the best soldiers and commanders in the nation. They also had a cause they believed in: preserving their long-held traditions and institutions, chief among these being slavery. In the First Battle of Bull Run (known in the South as First Manassas) on July 21, 1861, 35,000 Confederate soldiers under the command of Thomas Jonathan “Stonewall” Jackson forced a greater number of Union forces (or Federals) to retreat towards Washington, D.C., dashing any hopes of a quick Union victory and leading Lincoln to call for 500,000 more recruits. In fact, both sides’ initial call for troops had to be widened after it became clear that the war would not be a limited or short conflict.

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資料來源：

美國國務院國際資訊局出版物_美國歷史簡介

謝謝你們花時間閱讀，希望不再內鬥，邁向國際，不再鎖國